Research Links

Pediatrics

1. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review (2016)
2. Maternal Hookworm Modifies Risk Factors for Childhood Eczema: Results from a Birth Cohort in Uganda (2015)

Biochemical Research

3. The Genome of the Hookworm Necator americanus (2014)
4. Characterizing the Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses to Experimental Human Hookworm Infection (2012)
5. Eosinophil-Mediated Tissue Inflammatory Responses in Helminth Infection (2009)
6. Hookworm Larvae Produce a Family of Low Molecular Weight Anti-Oxidant Molecules Including 3-Hydroxytyrosol (1996)
7. The Partial Characterization of Proteases Present in the Excretory/Secretory Products and Exsheathing Fluid of the Infective (L3) Larva of Necator americanus (1992)

Historical Hookworm Evidence

8. Intestinal Helminths as a Biomolecular Complex in Archaeological Research (2023)
9. A Genomic and Transcriptomic Atlas for Common Parasites of Humans and Other Mammals (2022)
10. Ancient DNA from Medieval Europe Reveals High Burden of Parasitic Infections (2022)
11. Epidemiological Insights from a Large-Scale Investigation of Intestinal Helminths in Medieval Europe (2020)
12. Vikings Suffered Massive Intestinal Worm Infestations (2016)
13. DNA Typing of Ancient Parasite Eggs from Environmental Samples Identifies Human and Animal Worm Infections in Viking-Age Settlement (2015)
14. DNA Study: Vikings Were Plagued by Intestinal Parasites (2015)
15. Neanderthal Poop Shows Clues to Their Diet (2014)

Research with Other Helminths

16. Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease (2017)
17. Helminths in Immunity and Susceptibility to Chronic Inflammatory Diseases (2017)
18. Suppression of Inflammation by Helminths: A Role for the Gut Microbiota? (2015)
19. Helminths and Immunological Tolerance (2014)
20. Helminths and the Modulation of Mucosal Inflammation (2010)

Type 2 Diabetes

21. Effect of Experimental Hookworm Infection on Insulin Resistance in People at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2023)
22. The Impact of Helminth Infections on the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders (2016)

Multiple Sclerosis

23. Experimental Infection with the Hookworm, Necator americanus, Is Associated with Stable Gut Microbial Diversity in Human Volunteers with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (2021)
24. Effect of Hookworm Treatment on Gut Microbial Diversity in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (2020)
25. Hookworm Trial Offers New Hope to MS Patients (2020)
26. Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial (2020)
27. Effect of Low-Dose Intracutaneous Infection With Necator americanus on Systemic Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis (2020)
28. Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS) (2018)
29. Hookworm Infection and Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study (2017)
30. Parasite Infections in Multiple Sclerosis Modulate Immune Responses and Limit Autoimmune Damage (2014)
31. Helminths in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

Rheumatic Diseases

32. Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases (2020)

High-Risk HPV

33. Chronic Hookworm Infection Alters Host Mucosal Immunity and Protects Against High-Risk HPV (2018)

Tuberculosis

34. Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection (2018)

Colitis

35. Hookworm Infection Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in a Mouse Model (2018)

Metabolic Syndrome

36. Hookworm Infection and the Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome (2017)

Celiac Disease

37. Coeliac Disease Study to Open in Queensland Using Hookworms (2017)
38. Experimental Hookworm Infection and Escalating Gluten Challenges Are Associated with Increased Microbial Richness in Celiac Subjects (2015)
39. Hookworms: Allies Against Gluten Intolerance (2015)
40. Experimental Hookworm Infection and Gluten Microchallenge Promote Tolerance in Celiac Disease (2014)
41. Changed Gluten Immunity in Celiac Disease by Necator americanus Provides New Insights Into Autoimmunity (2013)
42. Identification and Characterization of Novel Gluten-Degrading Enzymes for Celiac Disease Management (2007)

Arthritis

43. Helminths as a Novel Therapeutic Option for Rheumatoid Arthritis? (2008)

Autism

44. Helminth Therapy for Autism Under Gut-Brain Axis Hypothesis (2019)

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

45. The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020)
46. Helminths as Partners in Health: Helminth Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2017)

Cancer

47. The Bifacial Role of Helminths in Cancer: Involvement of Immune and Non-Immune Mechanisms (2014)
48. Eosinophil Depletion Suppresses Radiation-Induced Small Intestinal Tumorigenesis (2011)

Depression and Anxiety

49. Elevated Cytokines in Depression and Anxiety (2016)
50. The Parasite Ate Your Depression? (2011)

Chronic Inflammation

51. Chronic Inflammation: Importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in Interleukin-1β Generation (2009)

Malignant Disease

52. The Epidemiology of EBV and its Association with Malignant Disease (2007)

Gut

53. The Effects of Helminth Infections on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023)
54. How Parasitic Worms Boost Gut Health (2014)

Diarrhea

55. Therapeutic Helminth Infection of Macaques with Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea Alters the Inflammatory Signature (2012)
56. Association of HLA-DQ Gene With Bowel Transit, Barrier Function, and Inflammation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea (2012)

COVID

57. Research Shows Intestinal Parasite Infestations Reduce COVID-19 Severity (2021)
58. The Global Helminth Belt and Covid-19: The New Eosinophilic Link (2020)
59. Old Friends Meet a New Foe: A Potential Role for Immune-Priming Parasites in Mitigating COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality (2020)
60. Parasites and Their Protection Against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology? (2020)
61. COVID-19 Lethality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Helminth Immune Modulation (2020)
62. Helminth Co-Infection and COVID-19: An Alternate Hypothesis (2020)

General Hookworm Studies

63. Worms, The Elixir Of Life? Review Suggests Helminth Infections Could Curb Aging Inflammation (2022)
64. Helminths and Their Role in the Hygiene Hypothesis (2021)
65. Regulatory T Cells in Helminth Infection: Induction, Function and Therapeutic Potential (2020)
66. Harnessing Helminth-Driven Immunoregulation in the Search for Novel Therapeutic Modalities (2020)
67. Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation (2020)
68. Hookworm Infection May Alter the Human Microbiome for Compatibility (2018)
69. Regulatory Monocytes in Helminth Infections: Insights From the Modulation During Human Hookworm Infection (2017)
70. Stress-Induced Paralysis: A Role for Neuroinflammation (2016)
71. First Fossilized Mammal Blood Found in Amber-Encased Tick (2016)
72. Parasitic Worms May Enhance Stem Cell Production (2015)
73. Fossilized Tick Indicates Tick-Borne Bacterial Disease Older Than Human Race (2014)
74. Urine Is Not Sterile, and Neither Is the Rest of You (2014)
75. Ancestor of All Placental Mammals Revealed (2013)
76. Experimental Human Hookworm Infection: Therapeutic Potential (2012)
77. Screening of Compounds Against Necator americanus: A Drug Repositioning Effort (2011)
78. Immune Responses in Hookworm Infections (2001)

Neanderthal Influence on Autoimmunity

79. Comparison of Helminth Infection among the Native Populations of the Arctic and Subarctic Regions of Western Siberia and the Taiga Zones of the East European Plain and the Russian Far East (2024)
80. Denisovan and Neanderthal Archaic Introgression Differentially Impacted the Genetics of Complex Traits in Modern Populations (2020)
81. The Contribution of Neanderthal Introgression to Modern Human Traits (2017)
82. The Phenotypic Legacy of Admixture between Modern Humans and Neandertals (2016)
83. The Genomic Landscape of Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans (2014)